“Early observations in Greenland Inuits and the coastal population of Japan found very low incidence of myocardial disease in these populations having a surprisingly high intake of fat in their diet. This paradox was explained by the fact that the source of fat was fish and sea mammals containing large amounts of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids….This study and other large epidemiological studies have shown convincing evidence for a protective effect of the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish. Based on these studies the American Heart Association recommends fish meals in the regular diet of the healthy population in order to reduce the death rates from coronary heart disease and stroke. Even patients with cardiovascular disease do profit from increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids by eating fish or by taking omega-3 supplements…The M.I. group given the omega-3 drug experienced reduced cardiovascular death by 30% and sudden death by 45%.”
“Nature’s own way of suppressing the immunological response to activation are the omega-3 fatty acids: the starting material for production of local acting hormones suppressing immunological actions. People with a high intake of omega-3 fatty acids through fish and sea mammals do not develop atherosclerosis to the same extent…Aorta as well as the coronary arteries from Alaskan natives had significantly less atherosclerosis compared to the non-natives.”
“A large study conducted jointly by Italian and American investigators on 1,123 persons (aged 20-98 years) was published very recently. It studied the relationship between blood plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers. Interestingly, people with the highest EPA or DHA levels exhibited significantly lower levels of these biomarkers. These authors suggest that the low intakes of omega-3 fatty acids in older persons may contribute to their age-related trend towards a proinflammatory state.”
“The marine Omega-3 fatty acids, in particular DHA can recapture the genetic control of this metabolic disorder caused by being overweight and a sedentary lifestyle…The results show that DHA is effective in restoring efficient fat burning thereby regaining insulin sensitivity which is reduced in this subset of patients.” Fatty acids from triglycerides and phospholipids contained in food bind to nuclear receptors such as the peroxisome proliferators activating receptor (PPAR). PPAR? and PPAR? are the most important receptors linked to the metabolisation of fat and glucose. Studies of the metabolic syndrome in an animal model demonstrated that the marine omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased oxidation of fatty acids, probably through genetically-induced proliferation of cell organelles where metabolic energy and heat are produced, namely mitochondria and peroxisomes …shows proliferation of mitochondria in animals given DHA… This pattern illustrates that a diet enriched in DHA from marine sources could reduce the overload and thereby the size of abdominal fat cells, probably by gene activation inducing fat oxidation. The abdominal fat cells seem to be very responsive in this respect.”
“People with regular intake of fish seem to have lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s dementia but also atherosclerotic dementia. These diseases have been rare in the coastal population of Japan and other countries with easy access to fresh seafood. Two cohort studies…have confirmed that regular intake of fish have preventive effects on Alzheimer’s dementia. A study recently published from Ireland has given the same results. Interestingly elderly with dementia but also minor cognitive impairment have lower values of DHA in their red blood cell PL’s compared to controls… This was also observed in the second part of the study, when all patients were on active treatment. Here the rate of decline in the previously placebo-treated patients showed a deceleration corresponding to that observed in the patients who received the DHA preparation during the whole trial. The study suggests that a DHA rich omega-3 concentrate can be used for preventive as well as therapeutic purposes in early AD, and also in persons at risk of developing AD.”
“An increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of capsules has a well documented effect on the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and constitutes an important supplement to dietary adjustment. To have any effect, the capsules need to be taken in high doses for a long time. The degeneration of articular cartilage is due to the effect of special enzymes that are activated by the immune system. Researchers in Cardiff in Wales have shown that cells from the cartilage of arthritic patients are not broken down by these enzymes if omega-3 fatty acids are added.”
“In a study comparing fish intake and rate of depression in 9 countries, an inverse relationship was found between annual fish consumption per capita and the percentage of the population having the diagnosis major depression… This is the first cross-sectional survey to demonstrate a significant relationship between fish intake and higher self-reported mental health status, therefore offering indirect support for the hypothesis that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may act as mood stabilizers.”
“Epidemiological studies in Greenland Inuits have shown a low prevalence of glaucoma compared to the white population in Europe. Due to the high intake of omega-3 fatty acids in their diet it was hypothesised that these fatty acids could induce pressure lowering effects. Functional analysis of the retina by so called blue-on-yellow perimetry showed a statistical improvement in the patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids compared to the controls… The authors concluded that treatment with omega-3 fatty acids must be considered a sound supportive therapy in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma.”
“A study in 3654 individuals older than 49 years revealed that about 6% had maculopathia. Correlations with parameters from dietary questionnaires revealed that a regular fish intake seemed to prevent from having the disease while a high intake of saturated fat and cholesterol predisposed to a higher risk of getting the disease… The Nurses’ Health Study from Boston documented that a high intake of fish lowered the risk of getting maculopathia by 35% compared to non-fish eaters.”
“…..Epidemiological studies from the Faroe Island have suggested that marine diets increase birth weight. The mechanisms underlying this effect may be a prolonged pregnancy, resulting form an altered balance between the prostaglandins involved in the initiation of labor. It is known that long-chain omega-3 fatty acids may postpone parturation by a down regulation of PGE2 and PGF2á formation, and an increased formation of PGI2 and PGI3. In addition an increased fetal growth rate resulting from improved placental blood flow due to lowered thromboxane/prostacylin ratio and blood viscosity may also be connected with an increased birth weight.”
“Fatty acids from fish, the marine omega-3 fatty acids, however, produce prostaglandin and leucotriens, which do not cause contractions to the same extent. Increased intake of omega-6 fatty acids from soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil etc. may therefore increase contractions in susceptible women, in particular young women…In a study from Cincinnati Medical Centre…USA The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale was similar between the two groups when entering into the study. After two months there was a significant reduction of the scores during EPA/DHA treatment indicating less menstrual symptoms.”
“Epidemiological studies during the 60-ies in Greenland concluded that migraine was extremely uncommon among the Inuites….the number of attacks were reduced in all three studies confirming the early observations done in Greenland that intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids may positively affect the clinical course of migraine. It is important to realize that the effects of omega-3 fatty acids will increase over time and not be experienced as fast as the pharmaceuticals used on this indication.”
“The underlying mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation induced skin damage are complex and incompletely understood. However, free radicals and activators of the immune system such as prostaglandins and cytokines are released in the process… This means that the tolerance towards UVB radiation improved significantly. After one month of treatment the effect compared to before the treatment started was statistically significant. The tolerance improved continuously during 6 months of treatment and disappeared rapidly after stopping Omega-3 medication….Omega-3 fatty acids have shown promising effects “from inside” which have been demonstrated in three clinical studies… Three grams of an Omega-3 concentrate containing about 60% omega-3 fatty acids daily will reduce the risk of getting sunburned. Optimally treatment should be started early, at least one month before the sunbathing season, and should be continued throughout the summer.”
“Several studies have been conducted with low-birth weight and pre-term infants fed formulas with different sources and amounts of DHA. The general view is that visual acuity in these infants is higher in the DHA supplemented group up to a certain period, but not affected above 9 months of age. The effects are not specific for any particular source of DHA. What seems to be important is to balance the type of omega-3 fatty acids and the omega-3 to omega-6 long chain PUFAs.”
“The early effect of low-dose (1 g/d) n-3 PUFAs on total mortality and sudden death supports the hypothesis of an antiarrhythmic effect of this drug. Such a result is consistent with the wealth of evidence coming from laboratory experiments on isolated myocytes, animal models, and epidemiological and clinical studies…” Pregnancy, lactation and early childhood are specific periods in life when essential nutrients are crucial. During these periods the requirement for most nutrients are different than at other stages in life. “From retrospective analysis it is shown that during the first 6 months of life DHA accumulates at about 10mg/day in the whole body of breast-fed infants, and as much as 48% of the DHA appears in the brain, mainly in the white cerebellum. To achieve this rate of accumulation, not taken into account that DHA can be synthesized from ALA, breast-fed infants need to consume a daily amount of 20mg DHA. Virtually all breastmilk provide at least 60mg DHA/day. Hence, in infants who are breast-fed there is little concern as to the supply of DHA provided that the mother has an optimal status of the longchain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA).“
“With these observations in mind, Richardson and co-workers in Oxford have performed two controlled studies on ADHD children, one in Belfast (12), the other in the Durham area in the UK (13). Forty-one and 117 children, respectively, were given either treatment with PUFAs, mainly omega-3 fatty acids, or a placebo for a period of 12 weeks. Group differences in change scores all favored the active treatment compared with the placebo. Treatment appeared to reduce ADHD-related symptoms even though no effects were recorded on motor skills.”